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Chapter 1:
FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM
Article 1
1) The Russian Federation - Russia is a democratic federative rule-of-law state with a republican form of
government.
2) The names Russian Federation and Russia are of equal validity.

Article 2
The individual and his rights and freedoms are the supreme value. Recognition, observance and protection
of human and civil rights and freedoms is the obligation of the State.

Article 3
1) The repository of sovereignity and the sole source of authority in the Russian Federation is its
multinational people.
2) The people exercise their authority directly and also through organs of State power and organs of local
self-government.
3) The supreme direct expression of the authority of the people is the referendum and free elections.
4) Nobody can arrogate power in the Russian Federation. The seizure of power or the arrogation of powers
are prosecuted in accordance with federal law.

Article 4
1) The sovereignty of the Russian Federation extends to the whole of its territory.
2) The Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws are paramount throughout the territory of
the Russian Federation.
3) The Russian Federation ensures the integrity and inviolability of its territory.

Article 5
1) The Russian Federation consists of republics, krays, oblasts, cities of federal significance, an
autonomous oblast and autonomous okrugs which are equal components of the Russian Federation.
2) A republic (state) has its own constitution and legislation. A kray, oblast, city of federal significance,
autonomous oblast or autonomous okrug has its own charter and legislation.
3) The federal structure of the Russian Federation is based on its State integrity, the unity of the system of
State power, the delimitation of areas of responsibility and powers between organs of State power of the
Russian Federation and organs of State power of the components of the Russian Federation, and the
equality and self-determination of the peoples in the Russian Federation.
4) All components of the Russian Federation are equal with each other in interrelationships with federal
organs of State power.

Article 6
1) Citizenship of the Russian Federation is acquired and terminated in accordance with federal law and is
uniform and equal irrespective of the basis on which it is acquired.
2) Each citizen of the Russian Federation possesses all rights and freedoms on its territory and bears equal
obligations stipulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
3) A citizen of the Russian Federation cannot be deprived of his citizenship or of the right to change it.

Article 7
1) The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions ensuring a worthy
life and free development of the individual.
2) In the Russian Federation people's labor and health are protected, a guaranteed minimum wage is
established, State support is ensured for the family, mothers, fathers, children, invalids and elderly citizens,
the system of the social services is developed, and State pensions, allowances, and other guarantees of social
protection are established.

Article 8
1) In the Russian Federation the unity of the economic area, the free movement of goods, services and
financial resources, support for competition, and freedom of economic activity are guaranteed.
2) In the Russian Federation private, State, municipal and other forms of property enjoy equal recognition
and protection.

Article 9
1) The land and other natural resources are utilized and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of
the life and activity of the peoples inhabiting the corresponding territory.
2) The land and other natural resources can be in private, State, municipal, or other forms of ownership.

Article 10
State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of the separation of legislative, executive and
judicial powers. Organs of legislative, executive and judicial power are independent.

Article 11
1) State power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal
Assembly (the Federation Council and the State Duma), the Government of the Russian Federation and the
courts of the Russian Federation.
2) State power in the components of the Russian federation is exercised by the organs of State power formed
by them.
3) The delimitation of areas of responsibility and powers between organs of State power of the Russian
Federation and organs of State power of components of the Russian Federation is effected by the present
Constitution and the Federation Treaty and other treaties concerning the delimitation of areas of
responsibility and powers.

Article 12
In the Russian Federation local self-government is recognized and guaranteed. Within the limits of its
powers local self-government is independent. Organs of local self- government do not form part of the
system of organs of State power.

Article 13
1) In the Russian Federation ideological diversity is recognized.
2) No ideology may be established as the State ideology or as a compulsory ideology.
3) In the Russian Federation political diversity and a multi-party system are recognized.
4) Social associations are equal before the law.
5) The creation and activity of social associations whose objectives and actions are directed towards the
forcible alteration of the basic principles of the constitutional system and the violation of the integrity of the
Russian Federation, the undermining of the security of the State, the creation of armed formations, or the
fueling of social, racial, national or religious strife are prohibited.

Article 14
1) The Russian Federation is a secular state. No religion may be established as the State religion or a
compulsory religion.
2) Religious associations are separated from the State and are equal before the law.

Article 15
1) The Constitution of the Russian Federation has supreme legal force and is direct- acting and applies
throughout the territory of the Russian Federation. Laws and other legal enactments adopted in the Russian
Federation must not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
2) Organs of State power, organs of local self-government, officials, citizens, and associations thereof are
obliged to observe the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the laws.
3) Laws are subject to official publication. Unpublished laws are not applied. Any normative legal
enactments affecting human and civil rights, freedoms and duties cannot be applied unless they have been
officially published for universal information.
4) Generally recognized principles and norms of international law and the international treaties of the
Russian Federation are a constituent part of its legal system. If an international treaty of the Russian
Federation establishes rules other than those stipulated by the law, the rules of the international treaty
apply.

Article 16
1) The provisions of the present chapter of the Constitution form the basic principles of the Constitutional
system of the Russian Federation and cannot be altered except by the procedure laid down by the present
Constitution.
2) No other provisions of the present Constitution can contradict the basic principles of the Constitutional
system of the Russian Federation.
Chapter 2:

HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
Article 17
1) Human and civil rights and freedoms are guaranteed in the Russian Federation in accordance with
generally recognized principles and norms of international law and in conformity with the present
Constitution.
2) Basic human rights and freedoms are inalienable and belong to each person from birth onward.
3) The exercise of human and civil rights and freedoms must not violate the rights and freedoms of others.

Article 18
Human and civil rights and freedoms are direct-acting. They determine the meaning, content and
application of laws and the activity of the legislative and executive branches and of local self-government
and are safeguarded by justice.

Article 19
1) All are equal before the law and the courts.
2) The State guarantees equality of human and civil rights and freedoms regardless of sex, race, nationality,
language, origin, property and position, place of residence, attitude toward religion, convictions,
membership of public associations, and also other circumstances. Any forms of restriction of citizens' rights
on grounds of social, racial, national, linguistic or religious affiliation are prohibited.
3) Men and women have equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities to exercise them.

Article 20
1) Each person has the right to life.
2) Until its abolition the death penalty can be prescribed by federal law as the supreme penalty for
particularly grave crimes against life, the accused being granted the right to trial by jury.

Article 21
1) The dignity of the individual is protected by the State. Nothing may be grounds for disparaging it.
2) No one must be subject to torture, violence or other brutal or humiliating treatment or punishment. No
one may be subject to medical, scientific or other experiments without their voluntary consent.

Article 22
1) Each person has the right to freedom and inviolability of the person.
2) Arrest, taking into custody and keeping in custody are permitted only by judicial decision. An
individual cannot be detained for a period of more than forty eight hours without a judicial decision.

Article 23
1) Each person has the right to inviolability of his private life, individual and family privacy, and defense
of his honor and good name.
2) Each person has the right to privacy of correspondence, telephone conversations and postal, telegraph
and other communications. Limitation of this right is permitted only on the basis of a judicial decision.

Article 24
1) The collection, storage, utilization and dissemination of information about a person's private life
without his consent are not permitted.
2) Organs of State power and organs of local self-government and their officials are obliged to ensure that
each person has the opportunity to see documents and materials directly affecting his rights and freedoms
unless otherwise provided by law.

Article 25
Dwellings are inviolable. No one is entitled to enter a dwelling against the wishes of the persons residing
there except in cases prescribed by federal law or on the basis of a judicial decision.

Article 26
1) Each person is entitled to determine and indicate his own nationality. No one may be compelled to
determine and indicate his own nationality.
2) Each person has the right to use his native language and to the free choice of language of communication,
education, instruction and creativity.

Article 27
1) Each person who is legally present on the territory of the Russian Federation has the right freely to travel
and choose his place of stay and residence.
2) Each person may freely travel outside the Russian Federation. The citizen of the Russian Federation has
the right to return without impediment to the Russian Federation.

Article 28
Each person is guaranteed freedom of conscience and freedom of religion, including the right to profess any
religion individually or together with others, or not to profess any, and freely to choose, hold and
disseminate religious and other convictions and to act in accordance with them.

Article 29
1) Each person is guaranteed freedom of thought and speech.
2) Propaganda or agitation exciting social, racial, national, or religious hatred and enmity is not permitted.
Propaganda of social, racial, national, religious, or linguistic supremacy is prohibited.
3) No one may be compelled to express his opinions and convictions or to renounce them.
4) Each person has the right freely to seek, receive, pass on, produce, and disseminate information by any
legal method. The list of information constituting a State secret is determined by federal law.
5) The freedom of mass information is guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited.

Article 30
1) Each person has the right of association, including the right to create trade unions to protect his
interests. The freedom of the activity of public associations is guaranteed.
2) No one may be compelled to join or to remain in any association.

Article 31
Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to assemble peacefully without weapons and to hold
meetings, rallies and demonstrations, processions, and pickets.

Article 32 1) Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to take part in the administration of the
State's affairs both directly and via their representatives.
2) Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to elect and to be elected to organs of State power and
organs of local self-government, and also to take part in referendums.
3) Citizens deemed incompetent by a court and also those detained in places of imprisonment by sentence of
a court do not have the right to elect and to be elected.
4) Citizens of the Russian Federation have equal access to State service.
5) Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to take part in the administration of justice.

Article 33
Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to appeal personally and also to send individual and
collective appeals to State organs and organs of local self- government.

Article 34
1) Each person has the right to make free use of his abilities and property for purposes of entrepreneurial
activity and other economic activity not prohibited by law.
2) Economic activity directed toward monopolization and unscrupulous competition is not permitted.

Article 35
1) The right of private ownership is protected by law.
2) Each person is entitled to own property and to possess, utilize, and dispose of it both individually and
together with others.
3) No one may be deprived of his property except by court decision. The compulsory expropriation of
property for State requirements may be carried out only if full compensation is paid in advance.
4) The right to inheritance is guaranteed.

Article 36
1) Citizens and their associations are entitled to hold land in private ownership.
2) Owners freely possess, utilize, and dispose of land and other natural resources provided that this does
not damage the environment and does not violate the rights and legitimate interests of others.
3) The conditions and procedure for the use of land are defined on the basis of federal law.

Article 37
1) Labor is free. Each person has the right freely to dispose of his abilities for labor and to choose a type of
activity and occupation.
2) Forced labor is prohibited.
3) Each person has the right to work in conditions meeting the requirements of safety and hygiene and to
receive remuneration for labor without any discrimination and of not less than the minimum pay
prescribed by federal law, and also the right to protection from unemployment.
4) The right to individual and collective labor disputes utilizing the methods of solving them prescribed by
federal law, including the right to strike, is recognized.
5) Each person has the right to leisure. Persons working on the basis of a labor contract are guaranteed the
working hours, days off, and holidays prescribed by federal law and paid annual leave.

Article 38
1) Maternity and childhood and the family are under the State's protection.
2) Concern for children and their upbringing are the equal right and duty of the parents.
3) Able-bodied children who have reached the age of eighteen years must look after disabled parents.

Article 39
1) Each person is guaranteed social security in old age, in the event of sickness, disability, or loss of
breadwinner, for the raising of children, and in other cases prescribed by law.
2) State pensions and social benefits are prescribed by law.
3) Voluntary social insurance, the creation of additional forms of social security, and charity are
encouraged.

Article 40
1) Each person has the right to housing. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of housing.
2) Organs of State power and organs of local self-government encourage housing construction and create the
conditions for exercise of the right to housing.
3) Housing is provided free or at affordable cost to low-income and other citizens indicated in the law who
require housing form State, municipal, and other housing stocks in accordance with the norms prescribed
by law.

Article 41
1) Each person has the right to health care and medical assistance. Medical assistance in State and
municipal health care establishments is provided to citizens for free by means of funds from the relevant
budget, insurance contributions, and other revenue.
2) In the Russian Federation federal programs to protect and strengthen the population's health, the
population's health are financed, measures to develop State, municipal, and private health care systems are
taken, and activities conducive to strengthening of people's health, the development of physical culture and
sport, and ecological and sanitary and epidemiological well-being are encouraged.
3) The concealment by officials of facts and circumstances creating a threat to people's lives and health
entails responsibility in accordance with federal law.

Article 42
Each person has the right to a decent environment, reliable information about the state of the environment,
and compensation for damage caused to his health or property by ecological offenses.

Article 43
1) Each person has the right to education.
2) General access to free preschool, basic general, and secondary vocational education in State or municipal
educational establishments and in enterprises is guaranteed.
3) Each person is entitled on a competitive basis to receive free higher education in a State or municipal
educational establishment or in an enterprise.
4) Basic general education is compulsory. Parents or persons in loco parentis ensure that children receive
basic general education.
5) The Russian Federation establishes federal State educational standards and supports various forms of
education and self-education.

Article 44
1) Each person is guaranteed freedom of literary, artistic, scientific, technical, and other types of creation
and teaching. Intellectual property is protected by law.
2) Each person has the right to participate in cultural life and use cultural institutions and to have access to
cultural treasures.
3) Each person must display concern for preserving the historical and cultural heritage and look after
historical and cultural monuments.

Article 45
1) State protection of human and civil rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation is guaranteed.
2) Each person is entitled to protect his rights and freedoms by any methods not prohibited by law.

Article 46
1) Each person is guaranteed judicial protection of his rights and freedoms.
2) The decisions and actions (or inaction) of organs of State power, organs of local self-government, public
associations, and officials can be appealed in court.
3) Each person is entitled, in accordance with the Russian Federation's international treaties, to appeal to
interstate organs for the protection of human rights and freedoms if all available means of legal protection
inside the State have been exhausted.

Article 47
1) No one can be deprived of the right to have the case against him heard by the court and the judges to
whose jurisdiction it is assigned by the law.
2) Anyone accused of having committed a crime has the right to have the case against him heard by a court
and jury as provided by federal law.

Article 48
1) Each person is guaranteed the right to receive qualified legal assistance. Legal aid is rendered free of
charge as provided by law.
2) Each detainee held in custody and accused of having committed a crime has the right to benefit from the
assistance of a lawyer (defense attorney) from the moment of his detention, placing inn custody, or
indictment.

Article 49
1) Each person accused of having committed a crime is presumed innocent until his guilt is proved as
provided by federal law and established by means of a legitimate court sentence.
2) The accused is not obliged to prove his innocence.
3) Any undispelled doubts regarding the individual's guilt are interpreted in the accused's favor.

Article 50
1) No one can be tried a second time for the same crime.
2) The use of any proof acquired in breach of the federal law is not permitted in the administration of
justice.
3) Each person sentenced for a crime has the right to have his sentence reviewed by a superior court as
provided by federal law, as well as the right to appeal for pardon or a reduction of sentence.

Article 51
1) No one is obliged to testify against himself or against his spouse or close relatives, the range of the latter
being defined by federal law.
2) Other instances when the obligation to give evidence is lifted can be laid down by federal law.

Article 52
The rights of the victims of crimes or of abuses of power are protected by law. The State guarantees the
victims' access to justice and to compensation for damage caused.

Article 53
Each person has the right to compensation from the State for damage caused by the unlawful action (or
inaction) of organs of State power or their officials.

Article 54
1) No law establishing or mitigating liability can be retroactive.
2) No one can be held liable for any act which, at the time it was committed, was not considered to be in
breach of the law. If liability for a breach of the law is abolished or mitigated after an act has been
committed, the new law is applied.

Article 55
1) The listing of basic rights and freedoms in the Constitution of the Russian Federation must not be
interpreted as negating or diminishing other universally recognized human and civil rights and freedoms.
2) Laws abolishing or diminishing human and civil rights and freedoms must not be promulgated in the
Russian Federation.
3) Human and civil rights and freedoms can be curtailed by federal law only to the extent to which it may be
necessary for the purpose of protecting the foundations of the Constitutional system, morality, and the
health, rights, and legitimate interests of other individuals, or of ensuring the country's defense and the
State's security.

Article 56
1) Individual restrictions of rights and freedoms can be introduced, with an indication of their extent and
duration, in a state of emergency in order to ensure the safety of citizens and the protection of the
constitutional system in accordance with federal constitutional law.
2) A state of emergency may be introduced throughout the territory of the Russian Federation or in
individual localities thereof in the circumstances and according to the procedure provided by federal
constitutional law.
3) The rights and freedoms contained in Articles 20, 21, 23 (Part 1), 24, 28, 34 (Part 1), 40 (Part 1) and 46-54
of the Constitution of the Russian Federation may not be restricted.

Article 57
Each person is obliged to pay legitimately levied taxes and duties. Laws introducing new taxes or
detrimental to the taxpayer's situation cannot be retroactive.

Article 58
Each person is obliged to protect nature and the environment and to show solicitude for natural wealth.

Article 59
1) The protection of the fatherland is the duty and obligation of citizens of the Russian Federation.
2) Citizens of the Russian Federation perform military service as provided by federal law.
3) In the event that the convictions or religious beliefs of a citizen of the Russian Federation are at odds with
the performance of military service, as well as in other instances as provided by federal law, the citizen has
the right to perform alternative civil service as a substitute.

Article 60 A citizen of the Russian Federation can autonomously exercise his rights and obligations in full
from the age of eighteen years.

Article 61
1) A citizen of the Russian Federation cannot be expelled from the Russian Federation or extradited to
another state.
2) The Russian Federation guarantees the protection and patronage of its citizens outside its borders.

Article 62
1) A citizen of the Russian Federation can hold citizenship of a foreign state (dual citizenship) as provided
by federal law or an international treaty of the Russian Federation.
2) The fact that a citizen of the Russian Federation holds citizenship of a foreign state does not diminish his
rights and freedoms or exempt him from obligations stemming from Russian citizenship, unless otherwise
provided by federal law or an international treaty of the Russian Federation.
3) Foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Russian Federation enjoy equal rights and bear equal
obligations with citizens of the Russian Federation, except when otherwise provided by federal law or an
international treaty of the Russian Federation.

Article 63 1) The Russian Federation offers political asylum to foreign citizens and stateless persons in
accordance with the universally recognized norms of international law.
2) The Russian Federation does not permit the extradition to other states of persons persecuted for their
political beliefs or for actions (or inactions) which are not considered a crime in the Russian Federation.
The extradition of persons accused of having committed a crime, or the extradition of sentenced persons to
serve their sentence in other states, is performed on the basis of federal law or an international treaty of the
Russian Federation.

Article 64
1) The provisions of this chapter comprise the foundations of the individual's legal status in the Russian
Federation and cannot be amended except by the procedure established by the present Constitution.

Chapter 3:
FEDERATIVE STRUCTURE
Article 65
1) The composition of the Russian Federation comprises the following components of the Russian
Federation:
The Republic of Adygea (Adygea), the Republic of Altay, the Republic of Bashkorostan, the Republic of
Burytia, the Republic of Dagestan, the Ingush Republic, the Kabardino-Balkar Republic, the Republic of
Kalmkia -- Khalmg Tangch, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the Republic of Karelia, the Republic of
Komi, the Republic of Mari El, the Republic of Mordovia, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Republic of
North Ossetia, the Republic of Tatarstan (Tartarstan), the Republic of Tuva, the Udmurt Republic, the
Republic of Khakassia, the Chechen Republic, the Chuvash Republic -Chavash Respubliki:
Altay Kray, Kransnoyarsk Kray, Maritime Kray, Stavropol Kray, Khabarovsk Kray.
Amur Oblast, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Astrakhan Oblast, Belgorod Oblast, Bryansk Oblast, Vladimir Oblast,
Volgograd Oblast, Vologda Oblast, Veronezh Oblast, Ivanovo Oblast, Irkutsk Oblast, Kaliningrad Oblast,
Kaluga Oblast, Kamchatka Oblast, Kemerovo Oblast, Kirov Oblast, Kostrama Oblast, Kurgan Foblast,
Kusk Oblast, Leninigrad Oblast, Lipestk Oblast, Magadan Oblast, Moscow Oblast, Murmansk Oblast
Nizhniy Novgorod Oblast, Novogorod Foblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Orel
Oblast, Penza Oblast, Perm Oblast, Pskov,Oblast, Rostov Oblast, Ryazan Oblast, Samara Oblast, Saratov
Oblast, Sakhalin Oblast, Sverdlovsk Obalst, Smolensk Oblast, Tambov Oblast, Tver Oblast, Tomsk Oblast,
Tula Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Chita Oblast, Yaroslavl Oblast;
Moscow, St. Petersburg - cities of federal significance;
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast;
The Aga Buryat Autonomous Okrug, the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, the Koryak Autonomous
Okrug, the Nenestk Autonomous Okrug, the Taymyr (Dolgano- Nenets) Autonomous Okrug, the Ust-Orda
Buryat Autonomous Okrug, the Khanti- Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, the Chukotsk Autonomous Okrug,
the Evenk Autommous Okrug, the Yamalo-Nenetsk Autonomous Okrug.
2) The admission to the Russian Federation and the formation as part of the Russian Federation of a new
component are carried out according to the procedure laid down by federal constitutional law.

Article 66
1) The status of a republic is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and by the
constitution of the republic.
2) The status of akray, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrug is
determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the charter of the kray, oblast, city of federal
significance, autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrug adopted by the legislative (representative) organ of
the relevant component of the Russian Federation.
3) A federal law on the autonomous oblast or an autonomous okrug can be adopted upon submission by the
legislative and executive organs of the autonomous oblast or autonomous okrug.
4) The relations of autonomous okrugs forming part of a kray or oblast can be regulated by a federal law
and treaty between the organs of State power of an autonomous okrug and accordingly, by the organs of
State power of a kray or oblast.
5) The status of a component of the Russian Federation can be changed by the mutual consent of the
Russian Federation and the component of the Russian Federation in accordance with federal constitutional
law.

Article 67
1) The territory of the Russian Federation includes the territories of its components, internal bodies of
water, and territorial sea, and the airspace over these.
2) The Russian Federation possesses sovereign rights and exercises jurisdiction over the continental shelf
and within the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation in accordance with the procedure defined
by federal law and the norms of international law.
3) The borders between components of the Russian Federation can be amended by their mutual consent.

Article 68
1) The Russian language is the State language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory.
2) Republics are entitled to establish their own State languages. They are used alongside the State language
of the Russian Federation in the organs of State power, organs of local self-government, and State
institutions of the republics.
3) The Russian Federation guarantees all its peoples the right to retain their mother tongue, and to create
conditions for its study and development.

Article 69
The Russian Federation guarantees the rights of numerically small indigenous peoples in accordance with
the generally recognized principles and norms of international law and the international treaties of th
Russian Federation.

Article 70
1) The State flag, emblem and anthem of the Russian Federation, the description of these, and the
procedure for their official use are established by federal constitutional law.
2) The capital of the Russian Federation is the city of Moscow. The status of the capital is established by
federal law.

Article 71
The following fall within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation:
a) the adoption and amendment of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, and the
monitoring of compliance with them;
b) the federative system and territory of the Russian Federation;
c) the regulation and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms; citizenship in the Russian
Federation; the regulation and protection of the right of national minorities;
d) the establishment of a system of federal organs of legislative, executive, and judicial power, the procedure
for their organization and activity; the formation of federal organs of state power;
e) federal State property and the management thereof;
f) the establishment of the fundamental of federal policy and federal programs in the sphere of State,
economic, ecological, social, cultural, and national development of the Russian Federation;
g) the establishment of the legal foundations of the single market; financial, currency, credit, and customs
regulation, monetary emission, and the foundations of pricing policy; federal economic services, including
federal banks;
h) the federal budget; federal taxes and duties; federal regional development funds;
i) federal power systems, nuclear power generation, fissile materials; federal transport, railroads,
information, and communications; activity in space;
j) the Russian Federation's foreign policy and international relations and the Russian Federation's
international treaties; issues of war and peace;
k) the Russian Federation's foreign economic relations; l) defense and security; defense production; the
determination of the procedure for the sale and purchase of weapons, ammunition, military hardware, and
other military property; the production of toxic substances, narcotic substances, and the procedure for their
use;
m) the determination of the status and protection of the State border, territorial seas, airspace, the exclusive
economic zone, and the continental shelf of the Russian Federation;
n) the judicial system; the prosecutor's office, legislation in the field of criminal, criminal-procedure, and
criminal-executive law; amnesty and the granting of pardons; legislation in the field of civil law, the law of
civil procedure and the law of arbitral procedure; the legal regulation of intellectual property;
o) federal law relating to the conflict of laws;
p) the meteorological service, standards and standard weights and measurements, the metric system and
measurements of time; geodesy and cartography; geographic names; official statistical records and
accounting;
q) State awards and honorary titles of the Russian Federation;
r) the federal civil service.

Article 72
1) The following fall within the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the components of the
Russian Federation:
a) guaranteeing that the constitutions and laws of republics, and he charters, laws, and other normative
legal acts of krays, oblasts, cities of federal significance, the autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrugs
accord with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws;
b) the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms; the protection of the rights of national minorities;
the guaranteeing of legality , law and order, and public safety; the arrangements relating to border zones;
c) issues relating to the ownership, use, and disposal of land, mineral resources, water, and other natural
resources;
d) the delimitation of State property;
e) the use of the natural environment ; environmental protection and the guaranteeing of ecological safety;
natural sites under protection; the protection of historical and cultural monuments;
f) general issues of nurture, education, science culture, physical fitness, and sport;
g) the coordination of questions of public health; the protection of the family, mothers, fathers, and
children; social protection, including social security;
h) the implementation of measures for combating catastrophes, natural disasters and epidemics, and the
elimination of their consequences;
i) the establishment of general principles of taxation and levying of duties in the Russian Federation;
j) administrative, administrative-procedural, labor, family, housing, land, water, and forestry legislation,
and legislation on mineral resources and on environmental protection;
k) cadres of judicial and law-enforcement organs; attorneys and notaries;
l) the protection of the primordial habitat and traditional way of life of numerically small ethnic
communities;
m) the establishment of the general principles for the organization of a system of organs of State power and
local self-government;
n) the coordination of the international and foreign economic relations of the components of the Russian
Federation, and the fulfillment of the Russian Federation's international treaties.
2) The provisions of this article extend in equal measure to the republics, krays, oblasts, cities of federal
significance, the autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrugs.

Article 73
Outside the compass of the Russian Federation's jurisdiction and the powers of the Russian Federation as
regards the terms of reference of the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the components of the
Russian Federation, the components of the Russian Federation possess Sate power in its entirety.

Article 74
1) The establishment of customs borders, duties, levies, and any other hindrances to the free movement of
goods, services, and financial assets is not permitted on the territory of the Russian Federation.
2) Restrictions on the movement of goods and services can be introduce in accordance with federal law if
this is essential for ensuring safety, the protection of the life and health of people, and the protection of
nature and cultural assets.

Article 75
1) The monetary unit in the Russian Federation is the ruble. Monetary emission is carried out exclusively
by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The introduction and emission of other currencies is not
permitted in the Russian Federation.
2) The protection and the guaranteeing of the stability of the ruble is the basic function of the Central Bank
of the Russian Federation which it carries out independently of the other organs of State power.
3) The system of taxes levied for the federal budget and the general principles of taxation and levies in the
Russian Federation are established by federal law.
4) State loans are issued according to a procedure determined by federal law and are floated on a voluntary
basis.

Article 76
1) Federal constitutional laws and federal laws which operate directly throughout the territory of the
Russian Federation are adopted with regard to the Russian Federation's areas of responsibility.
2) Federal laws, and the laws and other normative legal enactments of the components of the Russian
Federation adopted in accordance with the aforesaid federal laws, are promulgated with regard to the areas
of joint responsibility of the Russian Federation and components of the Russian Federation.
3) Federal laws cannot conflict with federal constitutional laws.
4) Outside the compass of the Russian Federation's jurisdiction and the joint jurisdiction of the Russian
Federation and the components of the Russian Federation, the republics, krays, oblasts, cities of federal
significance, the autonomous oblast, and the autonomous okrugs exercise their own legal regulation,
including the adoption of laws and other normative legal enactments.
5) The laws and other normative legal enactments of the components of the Russian Federation cannot
conflict with federal laws adopted in accordance with the first and second parts of this article. In the event
of conflicts between the federal law and another enactment promulgated in the Russian Federation, the
federal law is to obtain.
6) In the event of conflict between federal law and a normative legal enactment of a component of the
Russian Federation promulgated in accordance with the fourth part of this article, the normative legal
enactment of the component of the Russian Federation obtains.

Article 77
1) The system of organs of State power of the republics, krays, oblasts, cities of federal significance, the
autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrugs is established by the components of the Russian Federation
independently in accordance with the fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation
and the general principles of the organization of representative and executive organs of State power
established by federal law.
2) Within the areas of responsibility of the Russian Federation and the powers of he Russian Federation as
regards the terms of reference of the joint jurisdictions of the Russian Federation and the components of the
Russian Federation, the federal organs of executive power of the components of the Russian Federation form
a unified system of executive power in the Russian Federation.

Article 78
1) In order to exercise their powers, the federal organs of executive power can create their own territorial
organs and appoint the relevant officials.
2) The federal organs of executive power, by agreement with the organs of executive power of the components
of the Russian Federation can hand over to them the implementation of part of their powers provided that
this does not conflict with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.
3) By agreement with the federal organs of executive power the organs of executive power of the components
of the Russian Federation can hand over to them the implementation of part of their powers.
4) The President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation ensure, in
accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the exercise of the powers of federal State
authority throughout the territory of the Russian Federation.

Article 79
The Russian Federation can participate in interstate associations and hand over to them part of its powers
in accordance with international treaties unless this entails the restriction of human and civil rights and
freedoms and unless it conflicts with the fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian
Federation.

Chapter 4:
PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Article 80
1) The President of the Russian Federation in the Head of State.
2) The President of the Russian Federation is the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation
and of human and civil rights and freedoms. Within the procedure established by the Constitution of the
Russian Federation, he adopts measures to safeguard the sovereignty of the Russian Federation and its
independence and State integrity, and ensures the coordinated functioning and collaboration of organs of
State power.
3) The President of the Russian Federation, in compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation
and the federal laws, determines the basic guidelines of the State's domestic and foreign policy.
4) The President to the Russian Federation, in his capacity as Head of State, represents the Russian
Federation within the country and in international relations.

Article 81
1) The President of the Russian Federation is elected for four years by citizens of the Russian Federation on
the basis of universal, equal, and direct suffrage in a secret ballot.
2) A citizen of the Russian Federation who is at least thirty-five years of age and has been permanently
resident in the Russian Federation for at least ten years can be elected President of the Russian Federation.
3) One and the same person cannot hold the office of President of the Russian Federation for more than two
consecutive terms.
4) The procedure of elections for President of the Russian Federation is established by federal law.

Article 82
1) At his inauguration the President of the Russian Federation swears the following oath to the people: "In
exercising the powers of President of the Russian Federation I swear to respect and protect human and civil
rights and freedoms, to observe and defend the Constitution of the Russian Federation, to defend the State's
sovereignty and independence and its security and integrity, and faithfully to serve the people."
2) The oath is administered in a ceremonial atmosphere in the presence of members of the Federation
Council, deputies of the State Duma, and justices of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.

Article 83
The President of the Russian Federation:
a) appoints with the consent of the State Duma the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;
b) has the right to chair sittings of the Government of the Russian Federation;
c) adopts the decision on the dismissal of the Government of the Russian Federation;
d) submits to the state Duma the candidate for appointment to the office of Chairman of the Central Bank
of the Russian Federation; raises before the State Duma the question of removing from office the Chairman
of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
e) at the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation appoints and removes from
office the Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers;
f) submits to the Federation Council candidates for appointment to the office of justices of the
Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, and Superior Court of Arbitration of the Russian
Federation, and also the candidate for General Prosecutor of the Russian Federation; submits to the
Federation Council the proposal on removing from office the General Prosecutor of the Russian Federation;
appoints justices in other federal courts;
g) forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation, whose status is defined by federal law;
h) approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation;
i) forms the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation;
j) appoints and removes plenipotentiary representatives of the President of the Russian Federation;
k) appoints and removes the high command of the armed forces of the Russian Federation;
l.) appoints and recalls after consultations with the relevant committees or commissions of the chambers of
the Federal Assembly diplomatic representatives of the Russian Federation in foreign states and
international organizations.

Article 84
The President of the Russian Federation:
a) schedules elections to the State Duma in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and
federal law;
b) dissolves the State Duma in instances and according to the procedure laid down by the Constitution of
the Russian Federation;
c) schedules referendums according to the procedure prescribed by federal constitutional law;
d) submits draft laws to the State Duma;
e) signs and promulgates federal laws;
f) delivers to the Federal Assembly annual messages on the state of the nation and on the basic guidelines of
the State's domestic and foreign policy.

Article 85
1) The President of the Russian Federation may use conciliation procedures to resolve disagreements
between organs of State power of the Russian Federation and organs of State power of components of the
Russian Federation, and also between organs of State power of components of the Russian Federation. In the
event of failure to reach an agreed solution he may refer the resolution of the dispute for examination by the
appropriate court.
2) Pending a resolution of the matter by the appropriate court, the President of the Russian Federation is
entitled to suspend the operation of enactments by organs of executive power of components of the Russian
Federation if these enactments contravene the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws or
the Russian Federation's international commitments or violate human and civil rights and freedoms.

Article 86
The President of the Russian Federation:
a) exercises leadership of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;
b) conducts talks and signs international treaties of the Russian Federation;
c) signs instruments of ratification;
d) accepts the credentials and letters of recall of diplomatic representatives accredited to him.

Article 87
1) The President of the Russian Federation is the supreme Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of the
Russian Federation.
2) In the event of aggression against the Russian Federation or a direct threat of aggression the President of
the Russian Federation introduces martial law on the territory of the Russian Federation or in individual
localities of that territory and immediately notifies the Federation Council and State Duma of this.
3) The regime of martial law is defined by federal constitutional law.

Article 88
In the circumstances and according to the procedure laid down by federal constitutional law, the President
of the Russian Federation introduces on the territory of the Russian Federation or in individual localities of
that territory a state of emergency and immediately notifies the Federation Council and State Duma of this.

Article 89
The President of the Russian Federation:
a) decides questions of citizenship of the Russian Federation and of granting political asylum;
b) confers State awards of the Russian Federation and awards honorary titles of the Russian Federation and
higher military and higher special ranks;
c) grants pardons.

Article 90
1) The President of the Russian Federation issues edicts and directives.
2) Implementation of the edicts and directives of the President of the Russian Federation is mandatory
throughout the territory of the Russian Federation.
3) The edicts and directives of the President of the Russian Federation must not contravene the Constitution
of the Russian Federation and federal laws.

Article 91
The President of the Russian Federation enjoys immunity.

Article 92
1) The President of the Russian Federation begins exercising his powers from the moment he swears the
oath and ceases exercising them upon the expiry of his term of office from the moment that the newly elected
President of the Russian Federation swears the oath.
2) The President of the Russian Federation ceases the exercise of his powers early in the event of his
resignation, persistent inability to exercise his powers for health reasons, or removal from office.
Furthermore, the election of the President of the Russian Federation must take place no later than three
months after the early cessation of the exercise of power.
3) In all instances where the President of the Russian Federation is unable to perform his duties, they are
temporarily carried out by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The acting President
of the Russian Federation does not have the right to dissolve the State Duma, schedule a referendum, or
submit proposals on amendments to and the revision of provisions of the Constitution of the Russian
Federation.

Article 92
1) The President of the Russian Federation can be removed from office by the Federation Council only on
the basis of a charge of treason or commission of some other grave crime, filed by the State Duma and
confirmed by a ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation that the actions of the President of
the Russian Federation contain the elements of crime and a ruling by the Constitutional Court of the
Russian Federation that the established procedure for filing the charge has been observed.
2) The decision by the State Duma on filing the charge and the decision by the Federation Council on
removing the President from office must be adopted by a vote of two-thirds of the total number of members
of each chamber on the initiative of at least one-third of the deputies of the State Duma and provided there
is a ruling by a special commission formed by the State Duma.
3) The decision by the Federation Council on removing the President of the Russian Federation from office
must be adopted not later than three months following the filing of the charge against the President by the
State Duma. If the decision by the Federation Council is not adopted within this period of time, the charge
against the President is deemed rejected.

Chapter 5:
FEDERAL ASSEMBLY
Article 94
The Federal Assembly-Parliament of the Russian Federation is the representative and legislative organ of
the Russian Federation.

Article 95
1) The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers - the Federation Council and the State Duma.
2) The Federation Council consists of two representatives from each component of the Russian Federation;
one each from the representatives and executive organs of State power.
3) The State Duma consists of 450 deputies.

Article 96
1) The State Duma is elected for a term of four years.
2) The procedure for composing the Federation Council and the procedure for electing deputies of the State
Duma are established by federal laws.

Article 97
1) A citizen of the Russian Federation who has attained the age of twenty-one years and has the right to
participate in elections can be elected a deputy of the State Duma.
2) One and the same person cannot simultaneously be a member of the Federation Council and a deputy of
the State Duma. A deputy of the State Duma cannot be a deputy of any other representative organs of State
power or organs of local self-government.
3) Deputies of the State Duma work on a full-time professional basis. Deputies of the State Duma cannot be
in State service or engage in any other paid activity, apart from teaching, scientific, or other creative activity.

Article 98
1) Members of the Federation Council and deputies of the State Duma enjoy immunity for the duration of
their term of office. They cannot be detained, arrested, or searched unless detained at the scene of a crime,
nor can they be subjected to a body search except as provided by federal law in order to guarantee other
people's safety.
2) Any question concerning the lifting of immunity is decided by the appropriate chamber of the Federal
Assembly upon submission by the general prosecutor of the Russian Federation.

Article 99
1) The Federal Assembly is a permanently functioning body.
2) The State Duma meets for its first sitting on the thirtieth day after its election. The President of the
Russian Federation can convene a sitting of the State Duma prior to this date.
3) The first sitting of the State Duma is opened by the oldest deputy.
4) From the moment that the work of a newly elected State Duma begins, the powers of the previous State
Duma are terminated.

Article 100
1) The Federation Council and the State Duma sit separately.
2) Sittings of the Federation Council and the State Duma are open. In instances stipulated by the standing
orders of a chamber it is entitled to conduct closed sittings.
3) Chambers may convene jointly to hear messages from the President of the Russian Federation, messages
from the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, and speeches by the leaders of foreign states.

Article 101
1) The Federation Council elects from its membership the Chairman of the Federation Council and his
deputies. The State Duma elects from its members the Chairman of the State Duma and his deputies.
2) The Chairman of the Federation Council and his deputies, and the Chairman of the State Duma and his
deputies, chair sittings and control the internal procedures of the chamber.
3) The Federation Council and the State Duma form committees and commissions and conduct
parliamentary hearings into matters under their jurisdiction.
4) Each of the chambers adopts its own standing orders and decides matters relating to the internal
procedure governing its activity.
5) In order to monitor the implementation of the federal budget the Federation Council and the State Duma
form a Comptrollers Office, whose composition and work procedure are determined by federal law.

Article 102
1) The jurisdiction of the Federation Council includes:
a. confirming alterations to borders between components of the Russian Federation
b. confirming an edict of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law;
c. confirming an edict of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency;
d. deciding the question of the possibility of the utilization of Russian Federation armed forces outside the
borders of the territory of the Russian Federation.;
e. scheduling elections for the President of the Russian Federation;
f. removing the President of the Russian Federation from office;
g. appointing justices of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the
Russian Federation and the Superior Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation;
h. appointing and removing from office the General Prosecutor of the Russian Federation;
i. appointing and removing from office the Deputy Chairman of the Comptrollers Office and half of its staff
of auditors.
2) The Federation Council adopts decrees on matters designated as its area of responsibility by the
Constitution of the Russian Federation.
3) Decrees of the Federation Council are adopted by a majority of the votes of the total number of Federation
Council members unless some other procedure for adopting a decision is stipulated by the Constitution of
the Russian Federation.

Article 103
1) The jurisdiction of the State Duma includes:
a. giving consent to the President of the Russian Federation for the appointment of the Chairman of the
Government of the Russian Federation;
b. deciding a motion of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation;
c. appointing and removing from office the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
d. appointing and removing from office the Chairman of the Comptrollers Office and half of its staff of
auditors;
e. appointing and removing from office the Commissioner for Human Rights, who operates in accordance
with federal constitutional law;
f. declaring an amnesty;
g. filing a charge against the President of the Russian Federation to remove him from office.
2) The State Duma adopts decrees on matters designated as its area of responsibility by the Constitution of
the Russian Federation.
3) Decrees of the State Duma are adopted by a majority of the votes of the total number of deputies of the
State Duma unless some other procedure for adopting a decision is stipulated by the Constitution of the
Russian Federation.

Article 104
1) The right of legislative initiative is vested in the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation
Council, members of the Federation Council, deputies of the State Duma, the Government of the Russian
Federation, and legislative, or representative, organs of components of the Russian Federation. The right of
legislative initiative is also vested in the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme
Court of the Russian Federation, and the Superior Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation in
matters under their jurisdiction.
2) Draft laws are submitted to the State Duma.
3) Draft laws on the introduction or abolition of taxes, exemption from the payment of taxes, the floating of
State loans, the alteration of the financial obligations of the State, and other draft laws envisaging
expenditure funded out of the State budget can be submitted only when the Government's findings are
know.

Article 105
1) Federal laws are adopted by the State Duma
2) Federal laws are adopted by a majority of the votes of the total number of deputies of the State Duma
unless otherwise stipulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
3) Federal laws adopted by the State Duma are passed to the Federation Council within five days for
examination.
4) A federal law is deemed to have been approved by the Federation Council if more than half of the total
number of members of this chamber have voted for it or if it has not been examined by the Federation
Council within fourteen days. In the event of the rejection of a federal law by the Federation Council the
chambers may form a conciliation commission to overcome differences which have arisen, after which the
federal law is subject to repeat examination by the State Duma.
5) In the event of disagreement by the State Duma with a decision of the Federation Council, a federal law is
deemed to have been adopted if at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of the State Duma vote for
it in a repeat vote.

Article 106
Federal laws adopted by the State Duma are subject to compulsory examination in the Federation Council
when they concern questions of:
a. the federal budget.
b. federal taxes and levies;
c. financial, foreign currency, credit, and customs regulation and money emission;
d. the ratification and denunciation of international treaties of the Russian Federation;
e. the status and protection of the State border of the Russian Federation;
f. war and peace.

Article 107
1) A federal law that has been adopted is submitted within five days to the President of the Russian
Federation for signing and promulgation.
2) The President of the Russian Federation signs and promulgates the federal law within 14 days.
3) If the President of the Russian Federation, within 14 days of receiving the federal law, rejects it, the State
Duma and the Federation Council re-examine the said law in accordance with the procedure laid down by
the Constitution of the Russian Federation. If, after repeat examination, the federal law is approved by a
majority of the votes of at least two-thirds of the total number of members of the Federation Council and
deputies of the State Duma in the wording previously adopted, it is to be signed by the President of the
Russian Federation within seven days and promulgated.

Article 108
1) Federal constitutional laws are adopted on matters stipulated by the Constitution of the Russian
Federation
2) A federal constitutional law is deemed to be adopted if it is approved by a majority of the votes of at least
three-fourths of the total number of members of the Federation Council and at least two-thirds of the total
number of deputies of the State Duma. A federal constitutional law that has been adopted is to be signed by
the President of the Russian Federation and promulgated within fourteen days.

Article 109
1) The State Duma may be dissolved by the President of the Russian Federation in the circumstances
stipulated in Articles 111 and 117 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
2) In the event of the dissolution of the State Duma, the President of the Russian Federation sets the date of
elections so as to ensure that the newly elected State Duma is convened not later than four months from the
date of dissolution.
3) The State Duma may not be dissolved on the grounds stipulated in Article 117 of the Constitution of the
Russian Federation for one year following its election.
4) The State Duma may not be dissolved from the moment it files a charge against the President of the
Russian Federation, until the adoption of a corresponding decision by the Federation Council.
5) The State Duma may not be dissolved during the period of operation of a state of martial law or state of
emergency on the whole territory of the Russian Federation, or within the six months preceding the expiry of
the term of office of the President of the Russian Federation.

Chapter 6:
GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Article 110
1) Executive power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation.
2) The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian
Federation, the Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, and the federal ministers.

Article 111
1) The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation is appointed by the President of the Russian
Federation with the consent of the State Duma.
2) A proposal on the candidacy for the chairmanship of the Government of the Russian Federation is
submitted not later than two weeks following the entry into office of a newly elected President of the
Russian Federation or the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation or within a week
following the rejection of a candidacy by the State Duma.
3) The State Duma examines the candidacy for the chairmanship of the Government of the Russian
Federation submitted by the President of the Russian Federation within a week of the day the candidacy
proposal is submitted.
4) Following three rejections by the State Duma of candidacies submitted for the chairmanship of the
Government of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation appoints a Chairman of the
Government of the Russian Federation, dissolves the State Duma, and schedules new elections.

Article 112
1) The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, not later than one week following his
appointment, submits to the President of the Russian Federation proposals on the structure of the federal
organs of executive power..
2) The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation proposes to the President of the Russian
Federation candidacies for the posts of Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and
federal ministers.

Article 113
1) The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution of the
Russian Federation, federal laws, and edicts of the President of the Russian Federation, defines the basic
guidelines for the activity of the Government of the Russian Federation and organizes its work.

Article 114
1) The Government of the Russian Federation:
a. drafts the federal budget, submits it to the State Duma, and ensures its implementation; submits to the
State Duma a report on the implementation of the federal budget;
b. ensures the implementation of a single fiscal , credit, and monetary policy in the Russian Federation;
c. ensures the implementation of a single State policy in the Russian Federation in the sphere of culture,
science, education, health, social security, and ecology;
d. administers federal property;
e implements measures to ensure the defense of the country, State security, and the realization of the foreign
policy of the Russian Federation;
f. implements measures to ensure the rule of law, civil rights and freedoms, the protection of property and
public order, and the struggle against crime;
g. exercises other powers vested in it by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, and edicts
of the President of the Russian Federation.
2) The procedure for the activity of the Government of the Russian Federation is defined by federal
constitutional law.

Article 115
1) On the basis of and in implementation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, and
normative edicts of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation
issues decrees and directives and ensures their implementation.
2) Decrees and directives of the Government of the Russian Federation , in the event that they are at variance
with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, or edicts of the President of the Russian
Federation, may be rescinded by the President of the Russian Federation.

Article 116
The Government of the Russian Federation surrenders its powers to a newly elected President of the
Russian Federation.

Article 117
1) The Government of the Russian Federation may offer its resignation, which is accepted or rejected by the
President of the Russian Federation.
2) The President of the Russian Federation may adopt a decision on the dismissal of the Government of the
Russian Federation.
3) The State Duma may express no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation. A decree of no
confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation is adopted by a majority of votes of the total
number of deputies of the State Duma. Following an expression of no confidence by the State Duma in the
Government of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation is entitled to announce the
dismissal of the Government of the Russian Federation or to disagree with the decision of the State Duma.
In the event that the State Duma expresses no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation for a
second time within three months, the President of the Russian Federation announces the dismissal of the
Government or dissolves the State Duma.
4) The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation may submit to the State Duma a motion of
confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation. If the State Duma refuses its confidence, the
President adopts a decision within seven days on the dismissal of the Government of the Russian Federation
or on the dissolution of the State Duma and the holding of new elections.
5) In the event of its resignation or the surrender of its powers, the Government of the Russian Federation,
on the instructions of the President of the Russian Federation, continues to act until the formation of the
new Government of the Russian Federation.

Chapter 7:
JUDICIAL BRANCH
Article 118
1) Justice in the Russian Federation is exercised only by the court.
2) Judicial power is exercised by means of constitutional, civil, administrative, and criminal court
proceedings.
3) The judicial system of the Russian Federation is established by the Constitution of the Russian
Federation and by federal constitutional law. The creation of emergency courts is not permitted.

Article 119
Citizens of the Russian Federation who have attained the age of twenty-five and have higher legal
education and at least five years' experience in the legal profession may be justices. Additional requirements
for justices in the courts of the Russian Federation may be imposed by federal law.

Article 120
1) Justices are independent and are subordinate only to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and to
federal law.
2) The court, having determined in the course or examining a case that an enactment of a state organ or
other organ is not in accordance with the law, adopts a ruling in accordance with the law.

Article 121
1) Justices may not be removed.
2) A justice's powers may not be terminated or suspended except in accordance with the procedure and on
the grounds laid down by federal law.

Article 122
1) Justices enjoy immunity.
2) A justice may not be subjected to criminal proceedings except in accordance with the procedure defined
by federal law.

Article 123
1) The examination of cases in all courts is open. Hearing a case in closed session is permitted in
circumstances stipulated in federal law.
2) The in absentia examination of criminal cases in the courts is not permitted, except in circumstances
stipulated in federal law.
3) Court proceedings are carried out on the basis of the adversarial system and the equal rights of the
parties.
4) In circumstances stipulated in federal law, court proceedings take place with the participation with
federal law.

Article 124
The financing of courts is effected solely from the federal budget, and must ensure the possibility of the
complete and independent exercise of justice in accordance with federal law.

Article 125
1) The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation consists of nineteen justices.
2) The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, on the application of the President of the Russian
Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma, one-fifth of the members of the Federation Council or
deputies of the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Supreme court of the Russian
Federation or the Superior Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation, or organs of legislative and
executive power of the components of the Russian Federation, resolves cases relating to the compliance with
the Constitution of the Russian Federation of ;
a. federal laws and normative enactments of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation
Council, the State Duma, or the Government of the Russian Federation;
b. the constitutions of republics and the charters of the components of the Russian Federation and laws and
other normative acts issued by them on matters, falling within the jurisdiction of organs of State power of
the Russian Federation;
c. treaties between organs of State power of the Russian Federation and organs of State power of components
of the Russian Federation and treaties between organs of State power of components of the Russian
Federation;
d. international treaties of the Russian Federation that have not entered into force.
3) The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation resolves disputes over areas of jurisdiction:
a. between federal organs of State power;
b. between organs of State power of the Russian Federation and organs of State power of components of the
Russian Federation;
c. between the highest State organs of components of the Russian Federation.
4) The Constitutional State organs of the Russian Federation, on the basis of complaints regarding the
violation of citizens' constitutional rights and freedoms and at the request of justices, examines the
constitutionality of the law that has been applied or is applicable in the specific case, in accordance with the
procedure laid down by federal law.
5) The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, on the application of the President of the Russian
Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, or the
organs of legislative power of components of the Russian Federation, provides an interpretation of the
Constitution of the Russian Federation.
6) Enactments or individual clauses that are deemed unconstitutional lose their force; international treaties
of the Russian Federation that are not compatible with the Constitution of the Russian Federation are not
valid for entry into force or application.
7) The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, on the application of the Federation Council, issues
a ruling on whether the presentation of a charge against the President of the Russian Federation of treason
or the commission of some other grave crime complies with established procedure.

Article 126
The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is the highest judicial organ of civil, criminal,
administrative, or other cases under the jurisdiction of the courts of general jurisdiction, exercises judicial
oversight over their activity within the procedural forms laid down by federal law, and provides
clarification on questions of judicial practice.

Article 127
The Superior Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation is the highest judicial organ for the resolution
of economic disputes and other cases examined by the courts of arbitration, exercise judicial oversight over
their activity within the procedural forms laid down by federal law, and provides clarification on questions
of judicial practice.

Article 128
1) Justices of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian
Federation, and the Superior Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation are appointed by the
Federation Council on the submission of the President of the Russian Federation.
2) Justices of other federal courts are appointed by the President of the Russian Federation in accordance
with procedure laid down by federal law.
3) The powers and the procedure for the formation and activity of the Constitutional Court of the Russian
Federation, The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Superior Court of Arbitration of the Russian
Federation, and other federal courts are laid down by federal constitutional law.

Article 129
1) The Russian Federation Prosecutor's Office is a single centralized system in which lower-level
prosecutors are subordinate to higher-level prosecutors and to the General Prosecutor of the Russian
Federation.
2) The General Prosecutor of the Russian Federation is appointed and released from office by the Federation
Council on the submission of the President of the Russian Federation.
3) The prosecutors of components of the Russian Federation are appointed by the General Prosecutor of the
Russian Federation by agreement with the Federation components.
4) Other prosecutors are appointed by the General Prosecutor of the Russian Federation.
5) The powers and the organization and procedure of activity of the Russian Federation Prosecutor's Office
are defined by federal law.

Chapter 8:
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT
Article 130
1) Local self-government in the Russian Federation ensures that the population autonomously resolves
questions of local importance and the ownership, utilization, and disposal of municipal property.
2) Local self-government is exercised by citizens by means of referendums, elections, and other forms of
direst expression of will and through elected and other organs of local self-government.

Article 131
1) Local self-government in urban and rural settlements and other territories is exercised with due
consideration for historical and other local traditions. The structure of local self-government organs is
autonomously determined by the population.
2) Changes to the borders of territories where local self-government is exercised are permitted with due
consideration for the opinion of the population of the relevant territories.

Article 132
1) Organs of local self-government autonomously manage municipal property, formulate, approve, and
implement the local budget, levy local taxes and duties, implement the protection of public order, and also
resolve other questions of local importance.
2) Individual State powers can be vested in organs of local self-government by law, with the transfer of the
material and financial resources necessary to exercise them. The exercise of delegated powers is monitorable
by the State.

Article 133
Local self-government in the Russian Federation is guaranteed by the right to judicial protection,
compensation for additional expenditure arising as a result of decisions adopted by organs of State power,
and the prohibition of the restriction of the rights of local self-government established by the Constitution
of the Russian Federation and federal laws.

Chapter 9:
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AND REVISION OF THE CONSTITUION
Article 134
Proposals to amend or revise provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation can be submitted by
the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma, the Government of the
Russian Federation, legislative, or representative, organs of components of the Russian Federation, and also
by a group comprising at least one-fifth of members of the Federation Council or deputies of the State
Duma.

Article 135
1) The provisions of Chapters One, Two, and Nine of the Constitution of the Russian Federation cannot be
revised by the Federal Assembly.
2) If a proposal to revise the provisions of Chapters One, Two and Nine of the Constitution of the Russian
Federation is supported by a vote of three-fifths of the total number of members of the Federation Council
and deputies of the State Duma then, in accordance with federal constitutional law, a Constitutional
Assembly is convened.
3) The Constitutional Assembly either confirms the immutability of the Constitution of the Russian
Federation or elaborates a draft of a new Constitution of the Russian Federation which is adopted by the
Constitutional Assembly by a vote of two-thirds of the total number of its members or is submitted to a
nationwide vote. If a nationwide vote is held, the Constitution of the Russian Federation is considered
adopted if votes for it are cast by more than one-half of voters casting their votes, provided that more than
one-half of voters have cast their votes.

Article 136
Amendments to Chapters Three-Eight of the Constitution of the Russian Federation are adopted by the
procedure envisaged for the adoption of federal constitutional law and come into force after they have been
approved by the organs of legislative power of at least two-thirds of the components of the Russian
Federation.

Article 137
1) Amendments to Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which determines the
composition of the Russian Federation, are submitted on the basis of federal constitutional law relating to
admission to the Russian Federation, to the formation of a new component of the Russian Federation within
it, and to the alteration of the constitutional-legal status of a component of the Russian Federation.
2) In the event of changes to the name of a republic, kray, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous
oblast, or autonomous okrug, the new name of the component of the Russian Federation is to be
incorporated in Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

CONCLUDING AND TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS

1) The Constitution of the Russian Federation comes into force on the day of its official publication
following the results of the nationwide vote.
The day of the nationwide vote - 12 December 1993- is deemed the day of the adoption of the Constitution of
the Russian Federation.
The Constitution, or Fundamental Law, of the Russian Federation-Russia, adopted 12 April 1978, with its
subsequent amendments and additions, simultaneously ceases to be in force.
In the event of non-compliance with provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation of provisions
of the Federation Treaty - the Treaty on the Delimitation of Areas of Responsibility and Powers Between
Federal Organs of State Power of the Russian Federation and Organs of State Power of Sovereign Republics
Within the Russian Federation, the Treaty on the Delimitation of Areas of Responsibility and Powers
Between Federal Organs of State Power of the Russian Federation and Organs of State Power of Krays,
Oblasts, and the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg in the Russian Federation, the Treaty on the
Delimitation of Areas of Responsibility and Powers Between Federal Organs of State Power of the Russian
Federation and Organs of State Power of the Autonomous Oblast and Autonomous Okrugs of the Russian
Federation, as well as other treaties between federal organs of State power of components of the Russian
Federation, and treaties between organs of State power of components of the Russian Federation - the
provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation will prevail.
2) Laws and other legal enactments which were in force on the territory of the Russian Federation prior to
the entry into force of the present Constitution are applied to the extent to which they do not contravene the
Constitution of the Russian Federation.
3) From the day the present Constitution comes into force, the President of the Russian Federation, elected
in accordance with the Constitution, or Fundamental Law, of the Russian Federation-Russia, exercises the
powers laid down by the present Constitution until the expiry of the term for which he was elected.
4) From the day the present Constitution comes into force, the Council of Ministers-Government of the
Russian Federation acquires the rights, obligations, and responsibilities of the Government of the Russian
Federation established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and is thereafter know as the
Government of the Russian Federation.
5) Courts in the Russian Federation administer justice in compliance with the powers laid down by the
present Constitution. After the constitution has come into force, the justices of all courts in the Russian
Federation retain their powers until the expiry of the term for which they were elected. Vacancies are filled
according to the procedure established by the present Constitution.
6) Pending the entry into force of the federal law laying down the procedure for the hearing of cases by a
court with the participation of jurors, the existing procedure for judicial examination of such cases is
retained. The existing procedures for the arrest, holding in custody, and detention of persons suspected of
having committed a crime are retained until such time as the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian
Federation is brought into line with the provisions of the present Constitution.
7) The first Federation Council and the first State Duma are elected for a two-year term.
8) The Federation Council will convene for its first sitting on the thirtieth day following its election. The
first sitting of the Federation Council will be opened by the President of the Russian Federation.
9) A deputy of the first State Duma can simultaneously be a member of the Government of the Russian
Federation. The provisions of the present Constitution on deputies immunity as regards liability for
actions, or inactions, associated with the performance of official duties do not extend to deputies of the State
Duma who are members of the Government of the Russian Federation. Deputies of the first Federation
Council perform their duties on a part-time basis.

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